quizizz definite integrals what is the equation of the line tangent to y=2-

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Section 3-1 : Tangent Planes and Linear Approximations

Earlier we saw how the two fractional derivatives \({f_x}\) and \({f_y}\) can be thought of as the slopes of traces. We want to extend this thought out a little in this section. The graph of a part \(z = f\left( {ten,y} \right)\) is a surface in \({\mathbb{R}^3}\)(three dimensional infinite) and and then we can now outset thinking of the plane that is "tangent" to the surface as a point.

Allow's first out with a point \(\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\) and allow's let \({C_1}\) represent the trace to \(f\left( {x,y} \right)\) for the aeroplane \(y = {y_0}\) (i.e. allowing \(x\) to vary with \(y\) held stock-still) and we'll let \({C_2}\) represent the trace to \(f\left( {10,y} \right)\) for the plane \(x = {x_0}\) (i.e. allowing \(y\) to vary with \(x\) held fixed). Now, we know that \({f_x}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\) is the slope of the tangent line to the trace \({C_1}\) and \({f_y}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\) is the slope of the tangent line to the trace \({C_2}\). So, allow \({L_1}\) be the tangent line to the trace \({C_1}\) and allow \({L_2}\) be the tangent line to the trace \({C_2}\).

The tangent plane will so exist the plane that contains the two lines \({L_1}\) and \({L_2}\). Geometrically this plane volition serve the same purpose that a tangent line did in Calculus I. A tangent line to a curve was a line that just touched the curve at that point and was "parallel" to the curve at the point in question. Well tangent planes to a surface are planes that just touch on the surface at the point and are "parallel" to the surface at the bespeak. Note that this gives us a point that is on the plane. Since the tangent aeroplane and the surface touch at \(\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\) the post-obit bespeak will be on both the surface and the plane.

\[\left( {{x_0},{y_0},{z_0}} \correct) = \left( {{x_0},{y_0},f\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)} \right)\]

What nosotros need to do now is make up one's mind the equation of the tangent airplane. We know that the general equation of a plane is given past,

\[a\left( {10 - {x_0}} \correct) + b\left( {y - {y_0}} \correct) + c\left( {z - {z_0}} \right) = 0\]

where \(\left( {{x_0},{y_0},{z_0}} \right)\) is a point that is on the plane, which we take. Let's rewrite this a little. We'll movement the \(ten\) terms and \(y\) terms to the other side and split both sides by \(c\). Doing this gives,

\[z - {z_0} = - \frac{a}{c}\left( {x - {x_0}} \right) - \frac{b}{c}\left( {y - {y_0}} \right)\]

Now, let's rename the constants to simplify up the note a little. Let's rename them equally follows,

\[A = - \frac{a}{c}\hspace{0.25in}B = - \frac{b}{c}\]

With this renaming the equation of the tangent plane becomes,

\[z - {z_0} = A\left( {x - {x_0}} \right) + B\left( {y - {y_0}} \correct)\]

and we need to decide values for \(A\) and \(B\).

Let's first retrieve about what happens if we agree \(y\) fixed, i.e. if we assume that \(y = {y_0}\). In this case the equation of the tangent airplane becomes,

\[z - {z_0} = A\left( {ten - {x_0}} \right)\]

This is the equation of a line and this line must be tangent to the surface at \(\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\) (since information technology's function of the tangent plane). In add-on, this line assumes that \(y = {y_0}\) (i.east. stock-still) and \(A\) is the slope of this line. But if we call up about information technology this is exactly what the tangent to \({C_1}\) is, a line tangent to the surface at \(\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\) assuming that \(y = {y_0}\). In other words,

\[z - {z_0} = A\left( {ten - {x_0}} \right)\]

is the equation for \({L_1}\) and nosotros know that the slope of \({L_1}\) is given by \({f_x}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\). Therefore, we take the following,

\[A = {f_x}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \correct)\]

If nosotros concord \(ten\) fixed at \(x = {x_0}\) the equation of the tangent airplane becomes,

\[z - {z_0} = B\left( {y - {y_0}} \right)\]

However, past a similar argument to the 1 above nosotros tin see that this is nothing more than the equation for \({L_2}\) and that it's slope is \(B\) or \({f_y}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \correct)\). So,

\[B = {f_y}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\]

The equation of the tangent plane to the surface given by \(z = f\left( {x,y} \correct)\) at \(\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\) is and so,

\[z - {z_0} = {f_x}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\left( {x - {x_0}} \right) + {f_y}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\left( {y - {y_0}} \right)\]

Too, if we use the fact that \({z_0} = f\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\) we can rewrite the equation of the tangent plane as,

\[\brainstorm{marshal*}z - f\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right) & = {f_x}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\left( {10 - {x_0}} \right) + {f_y}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\left( {y - {y_0}} \right)\\ z & = f\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \correct) + {f_x}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\left( {x - {x_0}} \right) + {f_y}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\left( {y - {y_0}} \right)\terminate{align*}\]

We will see an easier derivation of this formula (actually a more than general formula) in the next section so if you lot didn't quite follow this argument agree off until then to see a better derivation.

Case 1 Find the equation of the tangent plane to \(z = \ln \left( {2x + y} \right)\) at \(\left( { - 1,iii} \correct)\).

Show Solution

There really isn't too much to do hither other than taking a couple of derivatives and doing some quick evaluations.

\[\begin{align*}f\left( {10,y} \right) & = \ln \left( {2x + y} \correct)\hspace{0.25in}& {z_0}& = f\left( { - ane,three} \correct) = \ln \left( 1 \right) = 0\\ {f_x}\left( {x,y} \right) & = \frac{two}{{2x + y}}\hspace{0.25in} &{f_x}\left( { - 1,iii} \right) & = 2\\ {f_y}\left( {x,y} \right) & = \frac{1}{{2x + y}}\hspace{0.25in} & {f_y}\left( { - 1,3} \correct) & = 1\end{marshal*}\]

The equation of the aeroplane is then,

\[\begin{marshal*}z - 0 & = 2\left( {10 + 1} \right) + \left( 1 \right)\left( {y - 3} \right)\\ z & = 2x + y - 1\end{align*}\]

One nice use of tangent planes is they give us a mode to approximate a surface nearly a betoken. As long every bit we are nearly to the signal \(\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\) then the tangent airplane should nearly approximate the office at that point. Because of this nosotros ascertain the linear approximation to be,

\[L\left( {ten,y} \correct) = f\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right) + {f_x}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\left( {10 - {x_0}} \right) + {f_y}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\left( {y - {y_0}} \correct)\]

and as long as we are "near" \(\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\) and then nosotros should have that,

\[f\left( {x,y} \right) \approx Fifty\left( {ten,y} \right) = f\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right) + {f_x}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \correct)\left( {10 - {x_0}} \correct) + {f_y}\left( {{x_0},{y_0}} \right)\left( {y - {y_0}} \right)\]

Instance 2 Find the linear approximation to \(z = three + \frac{{{x^2}}}{{xvi}} + \frac{{{y^2}}}{9}\) at \(\left( { - iv,iii} \correct)\).

Bear witness Solution

So, nosotros're actually request for the tangent plane and so permit's find that.

\[\begin{align*}f\left( {10,y} \right) & = 3 + \frac{{{x^2}}}{{16}} + \frac{{{y^2}}}{9}\hspace{0.25in} & f\left( { - 4,3} \right) & = 3 + ane + 1 = 5\\ {f_x}\left( {ten,y} \right) & = \frac{10}{8}\hspace{0.25in} & {f_x}\left( { - four,3} \right) & = - \frac{i}{2}\\ {f_y}\left( {10,y} \right) & = \frac{{2y}}{ix}\hspace{0.25in} & {f_y}\left( { - 4,3} \right) & = \frac{ii}{three}\cease{align*}\]

The tangent aeroplane, or linear approximation, is so,

\[L\left( {x,y} \correct) = 5 - \frac{1}{2}\left( {x + 4} \correct) + \frac{2}{3}\left( {y - 3} \right)\]

For reference purposes here is a sketch of the surface and the tangent airplane/linear approximation.

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Source: https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcIII/TangentPlanes.aspx

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